One of the most profound advances in biology and medicine has been the sequencing of entire genomes, including the human genome. The end product was the availability of the complete genetic blue print of organisms of importance to medicine and biotechnology. This changed how we conducted science. Cloning individual genes was no longer a limiting factor. Instead, entire scientific communities set upon understanding how genes interact with each other in pathways and across pathways so as to explain complex biological and physiological processes. For the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, the identification, cloning, and engineering of a single gene to produce a key biological product such as erythropoietin, was no longer an attractive investment prospect. Instead, companies that produced either a clinically tested end-product, or provided entire platforms for high throughput screening, were the only ones being funded. The new benchmark for success is now speed and comprehensiveness, which are orders of magnitude greater than just ten years ago.