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Articles

Figure 1 Typical critical path for small molecule Drug Discovery programs. Drug Discovery involves identification of a Target of interest for which an assay is developed. This assay is then adapted for screening purposes and utilised in a High Throughput Screening campaign against small molecule libraries. The High Throughput Screening campaign will usually yield many Hit molecules. Confirmation, Counter and Selectivity Screening will provide a final list of Validated Hits.
Figure 1 Typical critical path for small molecule Drug Discovery programs. Drug Discovery involves identification of a Target of interest for which an assay is developed. This assay is then adapted for screening purposes and utilised in a High Throughput Screening campaign against small molecule libraries. The High Throughput Screening campaign will usually yield many Hit molecules. Confirmation, Counter and Selectivity Screening will provide a final list of Validated Hits.

Establishing assays and small molecule screening facilities for Drug discovery programs

16 February 2011 | By Sheraz Gul, Vice President & Head of Biology, European ScreeningPort GmbH

Although many of the marketed small molecule drugs have been discovered by research and development efforts within the pharmaceutical industry, there has been a paradigm shift with external sources increasingly being relied upon to fill their pipelines. This trend is likely to increase and the key pre-clinical activities carried out…

Translational science: The future of medicine

16 February 2011 | By Bahija Jallal, Executive Vice President, Research & Development, MedImmune

When the term ‘translational medicine’ first came to prominence at the turn of the century, there were suspicions that this concept was simply a rebranding of conventional medical research, describing the process in which scientific discovery at the laboratory bench eventually translates to an effective therapy at the patient’s bedside.…

Figure 1 Examples of chemical structures of antibodies for targeted pulmonary inhalation aerosol
Figure 1 Examples of chemical structures of antibodies for targeted pulmonary inhalation aerosol

Pulmonary inhalation aerosols for targeted antibiotics drug delivery

16 February 2011 | By Chun-Woong Park & Heidi M. Mansour, University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy and Don Hayes Jr, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine

Targeted pulmonary drug delivery of antibiotics by inhalation aerosols can play significant roles in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in other pulmonary diseases where chronic airway infections exist. Direct administration to the lung as targeted pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery is uniquely able to…

Article 1 Rapid microbiological methods 2011

16 February 2011 | By Michael J. Miller, President, Microbiology Consultants, LLC

This is the first in a series of articles on rapid microbiological methods that will appear in European Pharmaceutical Review during 2011. Last year, I provided an overview of rapid microbiological methods (RMMs), including validation strategies, regulatory expectations, the technical and quality benefits of RMMs as compared with conventional techniques,…

DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing

Next Generation Sequencing: Current realities in cancer biology

16 February 2011 | By Ross Sibson, Director of Research, Applied Cancer Biology Group, University of Liverpool

The rate of progress in molecular cell biological sciences has become dramatic. This is fuelled in part by developments in technology, none more so than in the field of nucleic acid sequencing. So-called Next Generation Sequencing Platforms promise to revolutionise our understanding of the importance of genetic differences on an…

Figure 1 Baseline treated Raman spectra of Zirtek 10 milligram tablet (blue) and titanium dioxide (red) measured using the Ahura Truscan instrument
Figure 1 Baseline treated Raman spectra of Zirtek 10 milligram tablet (blue) and titanium dioxide (red) measured using the Ahura Truscan instrument

Authentication of medicines using Raman spectroscopy

16 February 2011 | By Sulaf Assi, University of Hertfordshire, and Robert Watt & Tony Moffat, The School of Pharmacy, University of London

Raman spectroscopy offers a rapid and non-destructive technique for the identification of counterfeit medicines. Handheld Raman instruments offer the advantages of carrying the laboratory to the sample and giving a rapid pass or fail answer for the medicine inspected. It can identify a medicine regardless of its physical form as…

Figure 1 Signal generation on an Optical Resonance Grating Biosensor. The Reflected Light Wavelength (RLW) variates depending on the index of refraction bound at the sensor surface. The magnitude of the RLW shift to the left is proportional to the mass increase to the material bound to within about 150 nm of the sensor surface. RLW is usually express as picometres wavelength or PWV.
Figure 1 Signal generation on an Optical Resonance Grating Biosensor. The Reflected Light Wavelength (RLW) variates depending on the index of refraction bound at the sensor surface. The magnitude of the RLW shift to the left is proportional to the mass increase to the material bound to within about 150 nm of the sensor surface. RLW is usually express as picometres wavelength or PWV.

Evaluation of cellular response to nicotinic compounds using optical label-free technology

16 February 2011 | By Isabel Coma & Julio J. Martin, Screening and Compound Profiling, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Pharmaceuticals

Cell signalling circuits are likely to have a key role in the future of pharmacological discovery and medical treatment. There is consensus about the importance of understanding cell components and their function, not at the level of genes, but at a higher level of abstraction, involving their pathways and circuits.…

PCR Viability
PCR Viability

PCR and personalised cancer medicine

16 December 2010 | By Frank McCaughan, MRC Career Development Fellow, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology

The delivery of personalised medicine is a key goal of modern cancer medicine and refers to the tailoring of anticancer therapy to the molecular characteristics of an individual tumour. To facilitate personalised medicine, it is important to have robust and reproducible means of gaining molecular information about a patient’s cancer…

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of arrayed or pooled RNAi screens in cells. Left panel. Pooled-viral vectors encoding libraries of shRNAs targeting multiple genes can be used to transduce a target cell population in a single tissue culture dish. After selection for the desired phenotype, cells are analysed for the identification of genes whose inhibition by RNAi knockdown cause the specific phenotype as described in Table 1. The relative abundance of each shRNA or a random 60-mer barcode expressed from the same vector as the specific shRNA can be identified and quantified by labelling the PCR product with fluorescent dyes (e.g., Cy5 or Cy3). The PCR products are then hybridised to custom designed cDNA microarrays containing barcode or shRNA complementary oligonucleotides. The relative abundance of barcodes obtained from the cells that were exposed to selective pressure are compared to that detected in control cells that have been exposed to the same shRNA library, but not to the selective pressure (for example, drug treatment or genetic mutations). Right panel. Arrayed RNAi screen libraries consist of individual siRNA or shRNA reagents that target different genes and that are placed in each well of a multi-well plate. RNAi reagent libraries can comprise synthetic siRNAs, plasmid-or virally-encoded shRNAs. Various assay readouts are used to determine the effect of RNAi on the phenotype as described in Table 1. Adapted10.
Figure 1 Schematic illustration of arrayed or pooled RNAi screens in cells. Left panel. Pooled-viral vectors encoding libraries of shRNAs targeting multiple genes can be used to transduce a target cell population in a single tissue culture dish. After selection for the desired phenotype, cells are analysed for the identification of genes whose inhibition by RNAi knockdown cause the specific phenotype as described in Table 1. The relative abundance of each shRNA or a random 60-mer barcode expressed from the same vector as the specific shRNA can be identified and quantified by labelling the PCR product with fluorescent dyes (e.g., Cy5 or Cy3). The PCR products are then hybridised to custom designed cDNA microarrays containing barcode or shRNA complementary oligonucleotides. The relative abundance of barcodes obtained from the cells that were exposed to selective pressure are compared to that detected in control cells that have been exposed to the same shRNA library, but not to the selective pressure (for example, drug treatment or genetic mutations). Right panel. Arrayed RNAi screen libraries consist of individual siRNA or shRNA reagents that target different genes and that are placed in each well of a multi-well plate. RNAi reagent libraries can comprise synthetic siRNAs, plasmid-or virally-encoded shRNAs. Various assay readouts are used to determine the effect of RNAi on the phenotype as described in Table 1. Adapted10.

RNAi screens for the identification and validation of novel targets: Current status and challenges

16 December 2010 | By Attila A. Seyhan, Translational Immunology, Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals

Recent advances in RNA interference (RNAi) technology and availability of RNAi libraries in various formats and genome coverage have impacted the direction and speed of drug target discovery and validation efforts. After the introduction of RNAi inducing reaagent libraries in various formats, systematic functional genome screens have been performed to…

The implementation of rapid microbiological methods

16 December 2010 | By

This is the sixth and final paper in a series of articles on rapid microbiological methods that have appeared in European Pharmaceutical Review during 2010. Over the past year, we have explored the world of rapid microbiological methods (RMMs), focusing on validation strategies, regulatory expectations, and the technical and quality…

PharmaChemical Ireland launch innovation and excellence strategy in New York

16 December 2010 | By Matt Moran, Director, PharmaChemical Ireland

PharmaChemical Ireland published a major strategy document in March 2010. The document, titled, ‘Innovation and Excellence-PharmaChemical Ireland Strategic Plan’ was launched at the Drug Chemical and Allied Technologies (DCAT) meeting at the Waldorf Astoria, New York City on 16 March 2010. The document outlines the industry response to the major…

Figure 1 A: Control B: Docetaxel treated Induction of apoptosis with Docetaxel compared to untreated. The lower right quadrant represents cells in early apoptosis and cells in the upper right quadrant are cells in late apoptosis due to PI entering the cells through leaky membranes. C: Control D: Docetaxel treated Cell cycle of control cells and Docetaxel treated cells. The first peak shows cells in G0/G1 and the second peak is cells in G2/M. The breast cancer cell line, MDA MB231, was treated with 10nM docetaxel or DMSO control for 72 hours. Cells were harvested, the nuclei isolated and stained with PI. Samples were run on the LSR II flow cytometer and analyed in FCS Express software. Docetaxel arrests the cells in G2/M
Figure 1 A: Control B: Docetaxel treated Induction of apoptosis with Docetaxel compared to untreated. The lower right quadrant represents cells in early apoptosis and cells in the upper right quadrant are cells in late apoptosis due to PI entering the cells through leaky membranes. C: Control D: Docetaxel treated Cell cycle of control cells and Docetaxel treated cells. The first peak shows cells in G0/G1 and the second peak is cells in G2/M. The breast cancer cell line, MDA MB231, was treated with 10nM docetaxel or DMSO control for 72 hours. Cells were harvested, the nuclei isolated and stained with PI. Samples were run on the LSR II flow cytometer and analyed in FCS Express software. Docetaxel arrests the cells in G2/M

Application of flow cytometry in drug discovery

16 December 2010 | By Dana Buckman, Senior Scientist, Biomarkers – Translational Research, Pfizer

Flow cytometry can be used to advance our understanding of diseases in multiple ways. Drug effects and dosages can be ascertained in vitro, along with patient selection based on mutations and antigen profiles. Within the Diagnostic Biomarkers group of Translational Research at Pfizer, we are utilising flow cytometry in conjunction…

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the recombinant antibody microarray set-up
Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the recombinant antibody microarray set-up

Developing and applying recombinant antibody microarrays for high-throughput disease proteomics

16 December 2010 | By Carl A.K. Borrebaeck and Christer Wingren, Department of Immunotechnology and CREATE Health, Lund University

Deciphering crude proteomes in the quest for candidate biomarker signatures for disease diagnostics, prognostics and classifications has proven to be challenging using conventional proteomic technologies. In this context, affinity protein microarrays, and in particular recombinant antibody microarrays, have recently been established as a promising approach within high-throughput (disease) proteomics1-3. The…

Vaccines and needle
Vaccines and needle

Development of stabilised vaccines with needle-free devices for targeted skin immunisation

16 December 2010 | By Abina M. Crean & Anne C. Moore, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork and Conor O’Mahony, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork

Vaccination represents the primary public health measure to combat infectious diseases. However, limitations of cold-chain storage, vaccine wastage, hazardous sharps-waste and the requirements for trained personnel add significant and unsustainable financial and logistic costs to immunisation programmes. Developments of needle-free methods should aim to overcome these logistics issues from the…

Figure 1 Key signaling pathways of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) superfamily of receptors comprising of four distinct however structurally similar tyrosine kinase receptors. Upon ligand binding (e.g. EGF, TGF-α) EGFR dimerises with another receptor and undergoes phosphorylation of its TK domain. Activated EGFR stimulates cell proliferation, survival, migration, adhesion and differentiation. EGFR is associated with increased or inappropriate signaling in NSCLC and is a key mediator of tumor progression. Activating mutations of the EGFR kinase domain result in ligand-independent activation of the pathway. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, interfere with the kinase activity of the gene and prevent downstream signaling. Therefore, EGFR is an important target for NSCLC treatment. Modified from Gazdar et al22
Figure 1 Key signaling pathways of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) superfamily of receptors comprising of four distinct however structurally similar tyrosine kinase receptors. Upon ligand binding (e.g. EGF, TGF-α) EGFR dimerises with another receptor and undergoes phosphorylation of its TK domain. Activated EGFR stimulates cell proliferation, survival, migration, adhesion and differentiation. EGFR is associated with increased or inappropriate signaling in NSCLC and is a key mediator of tumor progression. Activating mutations of the EGFR kinase domain result in ligand-independent activation of the pathway. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, interfere with the kinase activity of the gene and prevent downstream signaling. Therefore, EGFR is an important target for NSCLC treatment. Modified from Gazdar et al22

Targeted therapies in lung cancer and Biomarkers

16 December 2010 | By Wolfgang M. Brueckl & Joachim Ficker, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Lung Cancer Center and Thomas M. Mundel, Roche Parma AG

Despite innumerable clinical studies in the past three decades with lots of traditional chemotherapeutical drugs and drug combinations, survival in lung cancer has increased by far less than other entities. Research now focuses on inhibitors of tyrosine kinases which have been shown to have a central role in the development…